Browse yield and nutritive value of two Salix species and Dorycnium rectum in New Zealand

The willows Salix matsudana x alba and S. kinuyanagi, and the leguminous shrub Dorycnium rectum, are used for soil conservation in New Zealand and have potential value as browse plants. Two experiments were conducted in the lower North Island to ascertain the effect of selected establishment and cutting practices on their browse yield and nutritive value. A hill site experiment determined the effect of rooted and unrooted stem cuttings on establishment and initial production of the Salix species. A flat site experiment determined the effect of cutting height (0.10–0.30 m, 0.80 m, and 1.20 m above ground) and cutting frequency (once or twice per year) on yield of the Salix species and D. rectum. The establishment and dry matter (DM) yields of the Salix species were unaffected by the type of stem cutting. S. matsudana x alba (1.2 kg DM/tree) plants yielded more edible DM than S. kinuyanagi (0.9 kg DM/tree) and D. rectum (0.4 kg DM/tree). Cutting height had no effect on edible DM yield but affected total DM yield of the Salix species. Nitrogen concentration in edible DM, of all species, was 18–22 g/kg DM. In vitro organic matter digestibility of S. matsudana x alba (648–691 g/kg DM) and D. rectum (664–666 g/kg DM) was greater than S. kinuyanagi (611–615 g/kg DM). The condensed tannin concentration in edible DM of S. kinuyanagi was four-fold higher than in S. matsudana x alba (255 vs. 59 g/kg DM). It was concluded that S. matsudana x alba had the greatest potential as a browse species and D. rectum the least.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Combined effect of wood moisture content,drill bit rotational speed and feed rate on drilling resistance measurements in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)

ABSTRACT

An IML-RESI PD 400 drilling tool and a standard spade drill bit (IML System GmbH, Wiesloch, Germany) were used to study the combined effect of wood moisture content (MC), drill bit rotational speed and feed rate on drilling resistance (DR) and feeding force (FF). Tests were made with Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) conditioned in a normal climate (20°C/65% RH), at 20°C/95% RH, vacuum-pressure impregnated in water, and oven-dried. Rotational speeds and feed rates had an impact on feed rate per cutting edge for the major cutting edge of the drill bit which was used for correlation with DR and FF for various MC. Impact of MC on DR and FF depended on rotational speeds and feed rates of the drill bit. For feed rates per cutting edge less than 0.09?mm, DR was higher for water saturated (WS) specimens. Negligible differences between DR for various MC were found for feed rates per cutting edge between 0.09 and 0.15?mm. DR was higher at low MC for feed rates per cutting edge which were higher than 0.15?mm. FF extremely increased in conditioned (20°C/95% RH) and WS specimens at feed rates per cutting edge less than 0.1?mm.     

Selection of Adequate Species for Degraded Areas by Oil‐Exploitation Industry as a Key Factor for Recovery Forest in the Ecuadorian Amazon

One of the requirements for the forest restoration of soils disturbed by the oil‐exploitation industry is that saplings be able to endure soil‐adverse conditions. In this study, saplings of 20 species susceptible to be used in reforestation programs were evaluated for their ability to grow on substrates derived from soils disturbed by petroleum extractions in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Seeds of each species were planted in germination trays. Once seedlings reached 5 cm in height they were transplanted to plastic bags with three treatment substrates: two derived from petroleum‐exploitation activity (soils from mud and drill cutting cells and from areas surrounding oil wells) and a control soil. Plant survival rate, stem height, and diameter were measured on a weekly basis until 14 weeks after transplantation, when we harvested the plants and also measured plant biomass and calculated the Dickson quality index for each species. Oil‐exploitation by‐product substrates impaired the performance of many saplings, with the substrate from mud and drill cutting cells being the one that most affected plant performance. Only saplings of five native species in the Amazon basin—Apeiba membranaceae, Cedrelinga cateniformis, Inga densiflora, Myroxylon balsamum, and Pouroma cecropiifolia—exhibited high or similar Dickson quality index values in all soil treatments and performed better than the rest. The use of these five species in remediation of soils disturbed by petroleum extraction in the Amazon basin could prove important because of their high potential to adapt to these disturbed sites. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种新型钻模装置设计

针对回转类零件圆周方向孔加工划线难的问题,设计一种带钻套的新型钻模装置。该装置采用分离式钻模板,可满足不同精度要求孔的加工,且装拆方便。     

进口枪钻更换国产硬质合金刀头的工艺研究

介绍了常用进口枪钻更换国产硬质合金刀头的工艺研究,对相关企业及技术人员有一定的借鉴和参考意义。     

Effect of the Substrates on the Production of Engrafted Vine Cuttings in Heated Greenhouses

This article highlights the results of a long-term research project on the production of grape stalks engrafted by the desk method. The integrated impact of rootstock varieties, modes of stratification, and different substrates on vegetating vine cuttings, raised in heated greenhouses, and the capacity of their acclimatization after planting was studied. The results of the research show that rootstock variety and modes of stratification influence the output of engrafted vegetating cuttings of vines grown in pots using various substrates. In particular, the engrafted cuttings of variety Rkatsiteli produced on two rootstocks, 5 BB and 101-14, passed stratification (a) in sawdust with local electroheating, (b) on the water with its periodic change, and (c) in the layer of perlite. After preplanting preparations they were planted in pots with six different substrates: (1) soil (control); (2) perlite; (3) sawdust; (4) rice husk + soil + sand (1:1:1); (5) peat + soil + sand (1:1:1); and (6) mold + soil + sand (1:1:1). The cuttings were grown with a covered root system in a heated greenhouse for 35–40 days. Forty-day-old vegetating cuttings, after hardening, were planted into the open ground. Specialties were established during the root and shoot formation on vegetating nursery plant grafts during the rooting period. Optimal substrates for growing engrafted cuttings with a covered root system in heated greenhouses for each rootstock and stratification mode were determined.     

基于线阵CCD的油菜条播排种器播量在线监测装置的设计及试验

针对油菜条播机窝眼轮式排种器存在多粒种子同时下落难以监测的问题,设计加装了一种基于线阵CCD传感器的播量监测装置。监测装置发射端采用点光源,通过一组凸透镜形成由平行光线覆盖的种子监测区域,接收端采用线阵CCD传感器,通过实时监测像素值的连续变化,监测油菜种子播量,从而实现对播量的精确计量。运用室内试验台架,对窝眼轮式油菜排种器进行了单粒排种、排种计数、播量监测以及漏播和堵塞报警试验。结果表明:投种高度小于150 mm时,监测装置对单粒投种的监测准确率达100%;排种轴转速分别为20、30和40r/min时,监测装置对1000粒油菜种子计数的准确率分别为98.98%,98.26%和97.32%,对于5、10和20min连续排种播量计量的准确率均能达到97%以上。     

樱梅嫩枝扦插育苗技术

总结了樱梅嫩枝扦插育苗技术,包括圃地选择、设施建设、插条采集与处理、扦插、肥水运筹、温湿度与通风管理、病虫害防治、扦插苗炼苗与越冬等内容,以期对樱梅的栽培提供技术参考。     

胆木硬枝扦插育苗研究

以1年生胆木萌芽条作试验材料,对不同径段、不同生根剂种类和浓度及不同基质进行生根培养试验。结果表明:本试验研究范围内比较理想的生根剂种类为ABT-1,浓度为800倍溶液,适合扦插的插穗径段为0.5～1.0cm,最好的基质为砖红壤土。     

Soil pH change after surface application of lime related to the levels of soil disturbance caused by no-tillage seeding machinery

On acid soils, no-tillage farmers are often advised to apply lime to the soil surface without incorporation by tillage. As such, it can take a number of years before the subsoil acidity is decreased. However, no-tillage seeders vary in the level of soil disturbance caused during seed placement. The consequence of such variations in soil disturbance for the effectiveness of lime in no-tillage cropping has not been explored. Our objectives were (i) to determine if the liming effect could be accelerated by increasing the rate of lime and level of soil disturbance during no-tillage seeding, and (ii) evaluate the effect of no-tillage seeding method, rate of lime and soil pH on yield of wheat, barley, canola and lupins. Three trials, each with a factorial design consisting of four seeding methods and four lime rates, were established in 1999 and continued until 2005. The soil had a texture contrast with about 15-20 cm of sand over yellow sandy clay loam and the initial pH (CaCl₂) at both 0-10 and 10-20 cm was between 4.5 and 4.7. The four seeding treatments were: low disturbance zero-till disc openers (ZT), higher disturbance no-tillage tines with narrow knife-points (NT), higher disturbance full cut seeding with sweeps (FC) for the first three years followed by ZT from then on, and FC for the first year followed by NT thereafter. The four lime rates were 0, 1, 2 and 4 t ha⁻¹.The liming effect was more rapid with the higher disturbance seeding of NT, FCZT and FCNT, compared with ZT; the seeding effect on soil pH diminished with time and was not detected in the subsoil after four years. Higher rates of lime increased this effect and there was no interaction between seeding method and lime rate. This indicated that soil pH under the different seeding methods responded in a similar manner to increased lime. Nonetheless, significant positive linear regressions were found between yield and soil pH for wheat and barley and a negative relationship for lupins. Canola showed no response to soil pH, possibly because establishment was affected by seeding method, and soil pH was not low enough to elicit a response. The ZT seeding method gave lower yields than the other methods for canola and lupins in some years, but had no effect on wheat and barley yields. Higher disturbance at the time of no-till seeding can, therefore, accelerate the liming effect, making earlier economic gains possible.